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Qualitative research in education uses______: Words, observations, and interviews to understand meaning
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Hypothesis in educational research is______: A testable prediction about relationship between variables
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Independent variable in educational research is______: The variable manipulated or changed by researcher
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Control group in experimental research______: Group that does not receive treatment, used for comparison
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Ethics in educational research requires______: Informed consent, confidentiality, no harm, honesty, and respect
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Triangulation in research means______: Using multiple methods or sources to verify and cross-check findings
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Case study research involves______: In-depth investigation of single bounded unit
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Grounded theory research______: Generates new theory from systematically collected field data
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Transfer of learning is promoted best by______: Teaching for deep understanding and application across varied contexts
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Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK, Shulman, 1986) refers to______: Unique knowledge of how to teach specific subject matter effectively
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Misconceptions in student learning are______: Incorrect but strongly held beliefs interfering with new learning
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Conceptual change teaching (Posner model) addresses misconceptions by______: Creating cognitive dissatisfaction with existing concept and offering intelligible alternative
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The think-aloud strategy in teaching involves______: Teacher verbalizing thinking process while solving problems aloud
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The I-R-E pattern in classroom interaction stands for______: Initiation-Response-Evaluation
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Open-ended questions promote deeper learning because______: They require extended thinking and allow multiple valid responses
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Wait time in questioning (Rowe, 1974) benefits include______: Longer responses, more participation, better quality answers
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Classroom climate research shows that positive climate leads to______: Better engagement, motivation, and academic achievement
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Pygmalion effect (Rosenthal and Jacobson) means______: High teacher expectations become self-fulfilling — students achieve more
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Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles include______: Multiple means of representation, action/expression, and engagement
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Response to Intervention (RTI) framework provides______: Early identification and tiered instructional support for struggling students
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Gamification in education means______: Applying game elements to non-game contexts to increase motivation
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Flipped classroom model requires students to______: Watch instructional content at home; do active work and practice in class
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STEM education integrates______: Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics
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Project-based learning (PBL) key features include______: Extended student-driven inquiry into real-world complex questions
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21st century skills (4Cs) include______: Critical thinking, Creativity, Communication, Collaboration